I have no idea what the issue is. I made all of the databases using the postgres user and they were all created successfully, plus all of the extensions I created were also created successfully.
In the logs somewhere above “Received request for map layer ‘s2o’ which failed to load” will be the actual error that occurred. Try restarting “renderd” in order to cause that original error to occur again. It’s not an OpenLayers issue - you’ll get the same problem at https://youripaddress/hot/0/0/0.png.
I found out what the issue is: Dec 02 13:38:07 OSM renderd[584]: ** (process:584): ERROR **: 13:38:07.637: An error occurred while loading the map layer 's2o': boost::filesystem::status: Permission denied: "/home/vboxuser/src/openstreetmap-carto/mapnik.xml"
I tried chmodding the src directory with 755 but that didn’t work.
Next, we need to make sure that the “_renderd” user can access the stylesheet. In order to do this it needs access to wherever you downloaded it, and by default it won’t have access to your home directory. If it’s in “src” below your user account then
chmod o+rx ~
will work. If you don’t want to do this you can move it and amend references to the file locations in subsequent commands.