Are there any publicly available tiles that render strictly according to the order of the layer values, without any exceptions?

General talk
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1

No matter what tiles you use, there are some that take precedence over the layer value.

For example, in many tiles, even if the station building is set to layer=2, platforms on the ground level—where the layer is omitted—are drawn on top.

There are times when I want a map drawn strictly in layer order without these special rules, but I can’t think of a good solution.

2

note that it will give silly results for say culverts with layer=-1 in area where landuse/landcover is mapped

so likely you need to make own style

3

You might want to dig into level=* and more detailed concepts like 3D building and indoor tags.

4

I’m afraid that isn’t realistic with 2D maps, which are always going to be an imperfect representation of 3D reality. Only a 3D renderer can fully capture this.

There is a detailed discussion for OSM Carto here.